Plate XV · section 16 of 17

Today

On a café counter: two hopper grinders full of beans, a precision scale, a red tamper and the side of the espresso machine. — Grinders, scale and tamper on a counterArti Kh · Pexels License

Three recent facts sum up the state of play. The reference for extraction has changed hands: Lockhart's diagram (1957) has been replaced since December 2024 by the Davis diagrams, which admit several “good coffees”; the SCA nevertheless continues to certify home coffee makers on the 18-22% window and 92-96 °C, with fifteen models certified between 2023 and 2026. Filter equipment has reached maturity: the V60 had not changed since 2004 and Hario brings out in May 2026 a NEO version with double ribs and Tritan resin, while “connected” coffee makers (Fellow Aiden, certified in 2024) reproduce the bloom and pulsed-pour recipes that Gagné described in 2021. In espresso, science has caught up with the counter: the 2020 model (less coffee, coarser, shorter) and profiling machines (Decent 2017, Strada, Slayer) have made “turbo shots” at 6 bars and 15 seconds a normal subject of discussion, while the mass market goes to capsules (29.6 billion dollars in 2024, recycling at 24.6%) and to cold ready-to-drink (more than 60% of a market of 3.4 to 3.9 billion in 2025). See also roasting, water and the cup.

Fresh Cup 2025; sca.coffee/certified-home-brewer (Sept. 7, 2026); Yanko Design, May 12, 2026; ScienceDaily, Jan. 22, 2020; IMARC 2024; Fortune Business Insights 2025; Wikipedia, Nespresso

Gray areas

What the sources do not allow us to assert. We say so rather than filling the gap.

Ukers's printed pages are not visible in the working copy (chapters XXXIV and XXXVI); citations refer to the chapter, except the chronology (pp. 725-737) and Ukers's internal cross-references (De Belloy illustrated p. 622).
Ukers himself dates several pre-1850 appliances with an “L” (approximate): De Belloy around 1800, Napier around 1840, the biggin around 1817. The date of 1830 often given to Loeff (Berlin) for the siphon appears neither in Ukers nor in the sources consulted.
Gaggia: three dates are assured, the 1938 patent for a crank piston (No. 365726 according to the manufacturer), the 1947 patent for the lever piston, gear and spring, and the first lever machines of 1948, made for him by Ernesto Valente, of Faema; a development in 1945 has not been found in a primary source.
Moka pot pressure: 1 to 2 bars according to encyclopedic sources; no published measurement with the protocol was found. Abid's Clever Dripper has no launch date given by its manufacturer; the press finds it in cafés as early as 2008-2009, and a Taiwanese patent of 1997 already describes its mechanism, with no established link to the brand.
The new Davis diagram (2024) rests on panels of twelve tasters and consumers who were mostly students; its scope outside this public is not established.
The superiority of flat or conical burrs is not demonstrated: Gagné (2021) knows of no systematic study comparing geometries and tooth patterns.
Bypass in a V60 is unpredictable from one brew to the next and depends on the paper, the grind and the water height; it is measured indirectly, not observed.
The exact mechanism by which cafestol raises cholesterol (FXR and PXR receptors) remains debated; the clinical effect of unfiltered coffee, for its part, is established (Urgert and Katan 1997).
Cold brew market figures vary from 2.4 to 3.9 billion dollars for 2025 depending on the firms; they are not audited. Nespresso's annual sales after 2011 (3 billion Swiss francs) were not found in a citable source.
The 60-65 °C of steamed milk is a consensus of the trade; the only study read (2022) places the optimum of frothing between 50 and 60 °C, and does not measure the effect on perceived sweetness.

The method sheetsMethod sheetThe V602004 to 2005, Hario, Japan Method sheetThe electric drip coffee maker and the mass-produced filter1954 Wigomat (Germany); 1969 Moccamaster (Netherlands); 1972 Mr. Coffee (United States)Method sheetThe capsule1976, Éric Favre, Nestlé, Switzerland; 1992, John Sylvan and Peter Dragone, Keurig, United States

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