Guinea

History

The first coffee grown in Guinea was neither arabica nor canephora, but Coffea stenophylla, a species that grows wild in the forests of the country and of neighboring Sierra Leone. Davis and his coauthors confirmed it as indigenous in 2020, through the examination of herbarium specimens. In 1987, old planters of the prefecture of Boké told an ORSTOM mission, the French overseas research office, that Portuguese settlers were already cultivating it around 1850 on the banks of the Rio Nunez, from young plants pulled from the forests north of Boké, hence the name “Rio Nunez coffee.” Chevalier, cited by Davis, writes that in the early 1890s this coffee was sent to France, where it sold well, and that Sierra Leone and Guinea together exported three to five tonnes a year of it. Coste, in 1955, has the rise of African coffee growing of the late 19th century begin with this species, in French Guinea. The crop died out afterwards, for lack of buyers after the Portuguese left according to the witnesses of 1987. The last wild Guinean specimens of C. stenophylla and of its close relative C. affinis date from 1941. [10][12][11]

The colonial administration went through a trial garden, that of Camayenne in Conakry, cleared in 1897. It received its first coffee trees in 1898: liberica from Liberia, stenophylla from the Rio Nunez, arabica sent from France. Canephora arrived last, between 1900 and 1904, from Gabon, under the name Coffea kouilouensis. In 1905 the garden had more than a thousand coffee trees; in 1987 four remain. Ukers, in 1922, places there the work of Teyssonnier on a coffee tree named affinis, which he presents as a hybrid of stenophylla and a liberica; DNA analysis refuted this hybrid origin in 2020. Trade, for its part, remained insignificant: French Guinea exported 1,320 pounds of coffee in 1918, about 600 kilos, and Ukers ranks “Guinea” coffee among the commercially unimportant origins, a small dull brown bean he judges worthless in the cup, without specifying whether he is speaking of French Guinea or Portuguese Guinea. Fertilizer trials on arabica began in 1909. The arabica planted in the Fouta-Djalon, the Middle Guinea massif, in the 1920s was abandoned in the 1930s, after the crisis of 1931. [10][13][12][11][16]

The Guinean coffee industry was truly born in Forest Guinea, the region of mountains and humid forests in the southeast, and it was born as canephora. A 2010 presentation, drawing on Portères (1962) and Eskes (1991), places the first colonial nursery in 1930 at Kölödou, in the prefecture of Kissidougou; the plants came from Côte d'Ivoire and the crop spread from there across the whole region. The agronomist R. Portères studied in 1949 the shade trees kept in the peasant plantations of Macenta, about fifty species, and measured that in Forest Guinea the ripening of arabica is delayed ten days for every 100 meters above 900 meters. The Sérédou station, at the foot of the Ziama massif, works on arabica and keeps the collections assembled by Portères, canephoras known as Lula and Kissidougou and excelsas from Dalaba. The plantations, sown from seed, mix species: as late as 1987, a third of the coffee trees of N'Zérékoré were excelsa, that is, Coffea liberica var. dewevrei. The peak came just after independence in October 1958: 15,700 tonnes exported in 1959, a record year according to a 2006 farmers' report, and 198,000 bags of 60 kilos exported in 1960, about 11,900 tonnes, according to the retrospective series of the USDA, the US Department of Agriculture. [17][11][10][16][5]

The First Republic, from 1958 to 1984, closely supervised the countryside. The 2006 report describes collective production units and an authoritarian planning that automatically takes a share of the harvests; a 2010 presentation dates to 1964 the framework law that nationalized trade, with a price policy that discouraged planters. Disease was added to politics. Coffee wilt disease, a fungus that clogs the vessels of the tree and makes it dry out standing, attacked the coffee trees between 1960 and 1964, and coffee leaf rust was reported in Guinea in 1962. In 1987, ORSTOM found that local canephora populations had disappeared from the plantations, destroyed by coffee wilt disease, that many coffee plantations had been uprooted to make way for rice and that the others had been left to themselves for twenty-five years. Official exports fell to some 2,000 tonnes a year between 1970 and 1980 according to the 2006 report, which immediately adds that the real fall was smaller, part of the coffee leaving undeclared or smuggled to neighboring countries. The USDA, for the same years, nonetheless counts 45,000 to 122,000 bags exported, or 2,700 to 7,300 tonnes. [16][18][10][14][5]

The Second Republic, from April 1984, liberalized trade and revived export crops with outside financing. In 1987, the ORSTOM mission counted 70 million coffee trees, estimated that a tree yields 200 to 300 grams of marketable coffee, that is, hulled bean ready for sale, and recorded exports of 6,000 to 8,000 tonnes per season, against a target of 50,000 tonnes. The coffee-growing recovery project, known as RC2, launched in 1989, planted selected canephora on 6,000 hectares in Forest Guinea and aimed at 30,000 tonnes exported a year. The ICO, the International Coffee Organization, measures the result: 44,000 bags in 1990-1991, then 236,000 to 525,000 bags a year from 1998 to 2012, or 14,000 to 31,500 tonnes, before a relapse to 101,000 bags in 2013-2014. [10][17][2]

The FAOSTAT series tells a different story, and what it hides is what stands out. It opens in 1961 at 15,000 tonnes, an unofficial figure like the whole decade, then rises from 13,673 tonnes in 1973 to 14,900 in 1985, almost in a straight line, with official-figure status. During the same years the USDA counts 30,000 to 112,000 bags produced, 1,800 to 6,700 tonnes: the post-independence collapse does not appear in the FAO series, which drops abruptly to 6,500 tonnes in 1986. In 2001 and 2002, it takes up the ICO figures to the bag, 236,000 and 328,000 bags. Then, from 41,500 tonnes in 2014, it jumps to 210,866 in 2015 and peaks at 261,992 in 2021, which would make Guinea the world's eleventh-largest producer, ahead of Guatemala. The gray areas come back to this jump. [1][5][2]

Today

Guinean coffee is almost entirely canephora from Forest Guinea. The ICO classes the country among the canephora producers, and the USDA counts no bag of arabica there since 1960. The plants distributed in 2004 and 2005 went to the prefectures of Kissidougou, Yomou, Guéckédou, Lola, Macenta and N'Zérékoré, which outline the growing zone; in 1987, N'Zérékoré held the largest number of coffee trees in the country. Arabica survives in the Fouta-Djalon, in Middle Guinea: the RC2 project reintroduced it there in the gallery forests that run along the watercourses and in the tapades, the walled gardens around houses, but the lack of water, the poverty of the soils and their aluminum toxicity limit production, which was only 100 tonnes in 1987. [2][5][16][10][17]

The plant material comes mainly from research. The Centre régional de recherche agronomique de Sérédou supplies the selected plants, and its laboratory grades the coffee lots of the Macenta cooperative; the Institut de recherche agronomique de Guinée (IRAG) is among the supporters of this cooperative. The Confédération interprofessionnelle café-cacao, created in 1997, distributed free of charge 6 million canephora plants in Forest Guinea in 2004 and 2005, and 2 million arabica plants in the Fouta. In the Mount Ziama area, the coffee comes from five canephora clones, that is, from trees selected and multiplied identically, introduced from Côte d'Ivoire and Togo and numbered 119, 477, 529, 588 and 594. The confederation brings together the planters' federations, the exporters, the inspection company, the chambers of commerce and the State, and is financed by a share of the export tax. [16][17][18]

Processing is mostly dry. Planters commonly sell “paddy coffee,” the whole dried cherry before hulling, paid 3,000 Guinean francs a kilo in Lola in December 2019. The description of Mount Ziama coffee presented in 2010 gives a careful version of it: selective picking in three passes spaced fifteen days apart, fallen cherries on the ground set aside, sun drying on screens, on raised trays, for 21 days with two or three turnings a day, then machine hulling that replaces hand pounding, a job often done by women. The harvest follows the end of the rains, which last from March to November: a lot sold in 2023 was picked from November to January, and this same seller, a small business in Macenta, also offers roasters washed lots, whose pulp is removed and the bean fermented in a tank before drying. [25][17][10][26]

Ziama-Macenta coffee is one of the first three geographical indications for African products registered by the OAPI, the African Intellectual Property Organization, together with Penja pepper and Oku white honey, both from Cameroon; the OAPI had previously registered only one foreign name, Champagne, in 2006. A geographical indication reserves a name for the producers of a delimited area who follow a product specification. The idea came from a Macenta cooperative, Woko, founded on October 18, 2003 by 21 producers, which had 375 members including 80 women in 2010; it christened its coffee “Ziama coffee” as early as 2004. The zone covers six sub-prefectures of Macenta, Orémaï, Sengbédou, Sérédou, Fassankoni, Kouankan and Zébéla, a humid forest at an average altitude of 570 meters that receives 2,500 to 3,000 millimeters of rain, where 2,000 hectares are planted with selected material. The Association de défense du café du mont Ziama (ADECAM) is the body responsible for this product specification, and the process has brought together more than 1,000 producers. The name Ziama already designated, in Chevalier and Portères, a local form of Coffea liberica. [20][19][18][17][21][10]

Exports are back to a familiar order of magnitude. The National Institute of Statistics counts 2,726 tonnes of coffee exported in 2020, 5,152 in 2021, 14,904 in 2022, 11,415 in 2023 and 13,952 in 2024. Guinea no longer reported its coffee sales to the United Nations database after 2016; its customers, for their part, report their purchases, and Morocco comes first almost every year, with 9,926 tonnes of the 17,045 reported by importers in 2022, ahead of Senegal, France, India and Italy. Domestic consumption is low, 15,000 to 25,000 bags a year according to the USDA. Internationally, Guinea signed the International Coffee Agreement of 2007 on July 2, 2008 without ever ratifying it, and it was invited as a mere observer to the session that negotiated the 2022 agreement. [9][6][5][23][24]

Key facts

Dominant species

Coffea canephora, almost without arabica [5]

Main area

Forest Guinea (Macenta, N'Zérékoré, Lola, Guéckédou, Kissidougou, Yomou) [16]

Production according to the ICO, 2019-2020

178,000 bags of 60 kg, about 10,700 t [2]

Official national production, 2018

50,000 t (FAOSTAT: 235,043 t) [7]

Exports, 2024

13,952 t [9]

Colonial export record

15,700 t in 1959 [16]

Geographical indication

Ziama-Macenta coffee, OAPI, registered in 2013 or 2014 depending on the source [19]

Status at the ICO

2007 agreement signed on July 2, 2008, never ratified [23]

Gray areas

The FAOSTAT series from 2015 to 2022 is not imputed: every year carries status A, that of an official figure transmitted by the country. Only 2023 (200,000 tonnes, unofficial figure) and 2024 (174,847 tonnes, imputed value) depart from this rule. The atlas's warning is therefore right for the value it displays, that of 2024, but the maximum of 261,992 tonnes, in 2021, was indeed declared by the country. The 2015 figure, 210,866 tonnes, is nonetheless five times that of 2014, and no other source follows it. The same year, the ICO counts 286,000 bags, or 17,160 tonnes, the USDA 16,800 tonnes, and the national statistics themselves, published by the National Institute of Statistics based on the National Directorate of Agriculture, 45,750 tonnes. In 2020, FAOSTAT is 27 times the ICO; in 2021, 14.6 times the USDA, while importers report 3,360 tonnes purchased. The area confirms nothing: it goes from 94,300 to 490,000 hectares in 2015, an FAO estimate, with an estimated yield that stayed at 430 kilos per hectare, which suggests an area recalculated from production. Between 2015 and 2018, the FAO figure is worth 4.6 to 4.8 times the national figure. That is close to the ratio of one to five between fresh cherry and marketable coffee suggested by the purchase price of cherries under the RC2 project, paid at a fifth of the price of marketable coffee; a unit confusion is therefore possible, but no source read establishes it. [1][2][4][3][5][7][6][16]

Guinean counts contradict one another. For 2016, the port of Conakry records 21,622 tonnes of coffee exported, the Ministry of the Economy dashboard 56,490 tonnes, Guinea's declaration to the United Nations 12,771 tonnes, and its partners 13,443 tonnes. No source says whether the port figures include coffee in transit. Units also get lost along the way: the 2006 report on the Woko cooperative writes “3,436 t” for sales that the cooperative itself puts at 3,436 kilos, and the 2010 presentation announces 850 tonnes a year for 375 members who each produce 87 kilos, or 33 tonnes. In 2019, the local press reports 95,766 tonnes for the prefecture of Lola alone, without saying whether it is paddy coffee or marketable coffee. A national series that mixes cherry, husk and green bean is enough to produce the gaps FAOSTAT shows. [7][8][6][16][18][17][25]

Two accounts are repeated without proof. The first makes Guinea the “sixth-largest producer in the world” of coffee in 1960, with 15,000 tonnes: the ORSTOM mission writes it in 1987, but FAOSTAT places the country twenty-eighth in the world in 1961, with that same tonnage. The second dates the Ziama-Macenta geographical indication to 2013, as the international association oriGIn does; the OAPI's official presentation in 2017 gives a registration on March 14, 2014 and a filing in June 2014, two incompatible dates, and a law firm announces in 2025 that the OAPI has just granted protection. The certificate itself was not found. Finally, nobody has measured what remains of the wild heritage: the Crop Trust considers the fate of the samples collected in 1987, the last mission, uncertain, and a herbarium specimen collected in 2015 near Coyah, nameless until DNA identified it as C. affinis, is the only recent trace of this species in Guinea. [10][1][21][19][22][15][12]

Not covered: The colonial figures year by year between 1930 and 1958: neither Ukers nor the sources read give the series, only 1918 and the record of 1959. The text of Portères (1962), Caféiers de la République de Guinée, cited everywhere, was not found online. The method of Guinea's declaration to the FAO since 2015: no document says whether it is in cherry, husk or marketable coffee. The OAPI certificate of the Ziama-Macenta indication and its official product specification. The volumes sold under the indication. National production after 2018 in the Guinean yearbooks. No image of a Guinean coffee tree or coffee under a free license was found on Wikimedia Commons.

1. FAOSTAT, Production: Crops and livestock products, Coffee, green (code 656), Guinea: production, harvested area and yield, with the status of each year, FAO, 2025, https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_ solid level
   The 1961-2024 series and its statuses: X from 1961 to 1969, A from 1973 to 1985, X in 1986-1987, A from 2015 to 2022 (210,866 to 261,992 t), X in 2023, I in 2024; estimated area rising from 94,300 to 490,000 ha in 2015; estimated yield of 430 kg/ha; world rank (28th in 1961, 11th from 2015 to 2022).
2. Total production by all exporting countries, crop years 1990/91 to 2019/20 (table 1a), International Coffee Organization (ICO), 2021, http://web.archive.org/web/20240415232356/https://ico.org/historical/1 solid level
   Guinea classified (R), production in thousands of bags: 44 (1990/91), 421 (1998/99), 525 (2005/06), 505 (2008/09), 234 (2012/13), 101 (2013/14), 165, 286, 270, 229, 153 and 178 from 2014/15 to 2019/20. Read by coordinates on the PDF, the Brazil column serving as a check.
3. Crop year production by country (Table 1), International Coffee Organization (ICO), 2021, http://web.archive.org/web/20240724002100/https://www.ico.org/prices/p solid level
   Guinea: 229, 153, 178 and 150 thousand bags for the coffee years beginning in 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.
4. The Coffee Guide, fourth edition, table 5, p. 87, International Trade Centre (ITC), 2021, https://www.intracen.org/resources/publications/the-coffee-guide-fourt solid level
   Guinea (R), October-September season: 165, 286, 270, 229, 248 and 270 thousand bags from 2014 to 2019, ITC and ICO source. Read by coordinates: pdftotext shifts the line here and attributes Ghana's figures to Guinea.
5. PSD Online, Coffee, Green: Guinea, production, exports, consumption, 1960-2026, USDA, Foreign Agricultural Service, 2026, https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/downloads/psd_coffee_csv.zip solid level
   Production entirely canephora, no arabica; 200,000 bags produced and 198,000 exported in 1960; 30,000 to 112,000 bags produced from 1973 to 1985; exports of 45,000 to 122,000 bags from 1968 to 1980; 280,000 bags in 2015, 300,000 in 2021, 110,000 in 2024; domestic consumption of 15,000 to 25,000 bags.
6. UN Comtrade, HS code 090111 (green coffee, not decaffeinated): exports declared by Guinea (code 324) and imports declared by its partners, 2005-2024, United Nations Statistics Division, 2026, https://comtradeapi.un.org/public/v1/preview/C/A/HS?period=2022&cm solid level
   Guinean declarations only until 2016 (12,771 t in 2016); imports declared by partners: 7,905 t (2015), 13,443 t (2016), 3,360 t (2021), 17,045 t (2022, of which 9,926 t by Morocco), 11,450 t (2024); main buyers Morocco, Senegal, France, Algeria, India, Italy.
7. Annuaire des statistiques agricoles 2018, tables 63 and 66, Institut national de la statistique de Guinée, with ANASA, 2019, https://stat-guinee.org/images/Documents/Publications/SSN/agriculture/ solid level
   Coffee production according to the National Directorate of Agriculture: 17,907 t (2012), 5,844 (2013), 41,500 (2014), 45,750 (2015), 45,950 (2016), 46,733 (2017), 50,000 (2018); exports at the port of Conakry: 2,029 t (2014), 14,270, 21,622, 14,615 and 20,520 t from 2015 to 2018.
8. Annuaire des statistiques agricoles 2019, table 67, Institut national de la statistique de Guinée, 2020, https://stat-guinee.org/images/Documents/Publications/INS/annuelles/an solid level
   Coffee exports according to the monthly dashboard of the Ministry of Finance: 3,427 t (2014), 25,259 (2015), 56,490 (2016), 19,625 (2017), 20,985 (2018), 7,474 (2019).
9. Annuaire statistique 2024, table 18.28, Institut national de la statistique de Guinée, 2025, https://www.stat-guinee.org/images/Documents/Publications/INS/annuelle solid level
   Coffee exports by volume: 2,725.8 t (2020), 5,151.9 (2021), 14,904.2 (2022), 11,414.9 (2023), 13,952.1 (2024), according to the foreign trade statistics sub-directorate.
10. Les ressources génétiques naturelles des caféiers en Guinée, rapport sur la mission de prospection effectuée par une équipe ORSTOM-IRCC du 1er février au 2 mars 1987, pp. 3, 8-10, 13 and 17, D. Le Pierrès, P. Charmetant, T. Gnesio, A. Bamba, M. Konaté, A. Yapo (ORSTOM), 1987, https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/doc34-03/27 solid level
    Stenophylla from the Rio Nunez cultivated around 1850; Camayenne garden (1897-1898, canephora from Gabon in 1900-1904, four trees in 1987); local canephora races destroyed by coffee wilt disease, plantations uprooted or abandoned; a third excelsa at N'Zérékoré; 70 million trees, 200 to 300 g per tree, exports of 6,000 to 8,000 t; arabica reduced to 100 t; “sixth-largest producer in the world” in 1960; Ziama liberica coffee tree.
11. Les caféiers et les cafés dans le monde, vol. I, Les caféiers (PDF pages 19, 183, 242, 397, 411 and 431), René Coste, 1955, https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers20-12 solid level
    Beginnings of African coffee growing in French Guinea with C. stenophylla; Portères's study (1949) on shade in the Macenta plantations; fertilizer trials on arabica from 1909; ripening delay of 10 days per 100 m above 900 m; Sérédou station and its collections.
12. Lost and Found: Coffea stenophylla and C. affinis, the Forgotten Coffee Crop Species of West Africa, A. P. Davis, R. Gargiulo, M. F. Fay, D. Sarmu, J. Haggar, Frontiers in Plant Science 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00616 solid level
    C. stenophylla indigenous to Guinea; “Rio-Nunez coffee” exported to France, 3 to 5 t a year together with Sierra Leone (after Chevalier 1929); last wild Guinean specimens in 1941; hybrid status of C. affinis refuted; specimen collected at Saliya (Coyah) in 2015.
13. All About Coffee, ch. XV (p. 146), ch. XXII (export table, pp. 289-291) and ch. XXIV (pp. 353 and 378), William H. Ukers, 1922, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28500 solid level
    Work of Teyssonnier at Camayenne on affinis; 1,320 pounds exported by French Guinea in 1918; “Guinea” coffee commercially unimportant, small dull brown bean.
14. Coffee Is Not Forever: A Global History of the Coffee Leaf Rust, p. 129, Stuart McCook, Ohio University Press, 2019, https://ohioopen.library.ohio.edu/oupress/96/ solid level
    Coffee leaf rust is reported in Guinea and Nigeria in 1962.
15. Global Conservation Strategy for Coffee Genetic Resources, pp. 11 and 34, Crop Trust and World Coffee Research, 2017, https://www.croptrust.org/saving-coffee/ solid level
    ORSTOM-CIRAD collecting mission in Guinea in 1987, material conserved in Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire; last collections in Guinea in 1987, fate of the original samples uncertain.
16. Valorisation d'initiatives paysannes de commercialisation : cas de la coopérative agricole de commercialisation de café et d'approvisionnement Woko de Macenta, L. Gnekoya, C. Honomou, K. Makolo, Confédération nationale des organisations paysannes de Guinée (CNOP-G), published by Inter-réseaux, 2006, https://www.inter-reseaux.org/wp-content/uploads/Guinee_Cafe_qualite_W medium level
    Arabica in the Fouta abandoned in the 1930s; canephora from Côte d'Ivoire since 1930; First Republic, compulsory levies, coffee wilt disease 1960-1964; 15,700 t exported in 1959, about 2,000 t from 1970 to 1980, smuggling; 6 million canephora plants distributed in 2004-2005; Interprofessional Confederation created in 1997; purchase price of cherries equal to a fifth of marketable coffee.
17. Le café du mont Ziama, atelier sur les indications géographiques dans le secteur café-cacao, Yaoundé, 28-30 septembre 2010, Marie Antoinette Sanoussi Haba, GI focal point for Guinea, published by oriGIn, 2010, https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/guinee-cafe-ziama medium level
    Kölödou nursery in 1930 (after Portères 1962 and Eskes 1991); RC2 project in 1989, 6,000 ha, target of 30,000 t; arabica reintroduced in the Fouta; area, altitude, rainfall and surfaces of Mount Ziama; five canephora clones; harvest in three passes, 21-day drying; 375 members, 87 kg per member and 850 t announced.
18. Nom du produit : café du mont Ziama, présentation de la coopérative Woko, même atelier, Camara, Woko cooperative of Macenta, published by oriGIn, 2010, https://www.origin-gi.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/guinee-caf-ziama_ medium level
    1964 framework law and nationalization of trade; founding of Woko on October 18, 2003 by 21 producers; sales made from 3,436 kg (2003-2004) to 34,000 kg (2008-2009), partly in Senegal.
19. L'expérience de l'OAPI en matière de protection et de gestion des indications géographiques, symposium mondial sur les indications géographiques, Yangzhou, p. 20, Jean-Baptiste Noël Wago, OAPI, WIPO document, 2017, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/geoind/en/wipo_geo_yty_17/wipo_geo_yt solid level
    The first three GIs of the OAPI: Oku white honey and Penja pepper (filed July 22, 2013, registered September 10, 2013) and Ziama Macenta coffee (filing June 2014, registration March 14, 2014).
20. Aspects institutionnels concernant l'administration des indications géographiques, cas de l'OAPI, colloque mondial sur les indications géographiques, Budapest, Michel Gonomy, OAPI, WIPO document, 2015, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/geoind/fr/wipo_geo_bud_15/wipo_geo_bu solid level
    PAMPIG project funded by the AFD, operational since April 2010; chronological order Penja, Oku, Ziama Macenta; ADECAM as producers' group.
21. oriGIn contributes to the Crowdfunding for the GI Ziama-Macenta, oriGIn (Organization for an International Geographical Indications Network), 2015, https://www.origin-gi.com/web_articles/27-03-2015-origin-contributes-t medium level
    GI recognized in 2013 according to oriGIn, collective project of more than 1,000 producers; ADECAM member of oriGIn in 2014.
22. Recognition of agricultural products and textiles as geographical indicators of origin, Adams & Adams (intellectual property law firm), 2025, https://www.adams.africa/oapi/recognition-of-agricultural-products-and medium level
    Announcement, on November 13, 2025, that the OAPI granted “earlier this year” protection to Ziama Macenta coffee; contradicts the 2013-2014 dates without explaining them.
23. Membership of the International Coffee Agreement 2007, as at 2 February 2022, International Coffee Organization (ICO), 2022, https://www.icocoffee.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/membershipica2007 solid level
    Guinea signed the 2007 Agreement on July 2, 2008 without completing the ratification procedure.
24. ED 2409/22 Rev. 3, annex III, countries admitted to sign the International Coffee Agreement of 2022, International Coffee Organization (ICO), 2025, https://www.ico.org/documents/cy2024-25/ed-2409-r3e-membership-ica-202 solid level
    Guinea appears among the governments invited as observers at the 133rd session of the Council, and not among the parties to the 2007 Agreement.
25. Lola : record de production de café et de cacao en vue dans la localité, Alidjou Moribadougou Sylla, Guinéenews, 2019, https://guineenews.org/2019/12/15/lola-record-de-production-de-cafe-et low level
    95,765.89 t of coffee announced for the prefecture of Lola in 2019, no unit specified; paddy coffee paid 3,000 GNF per kilo.
26. Fully-Washed Fine Robusta Coffee (GN-35), 2023 harvest, Macenta Beans, sales sheet on the Algrano platform, 2024, https://www.algrano.com/en/coffees/GN-35/harvests/GN-35-202311 low level
    Washed canephora lot from the Macenta region, 600 to 1,100 m altitude, harvested from November 2023 to January 2024 (seller's statement).