Nigeria

History

The coffee tree did not need to be brought to Nigeria to grow there: several species live there in the wild. The Crop Trust places the country within the natural range of Coffea canephora, which extends from Guinea to northern Angola, within that of C. liberica var. liberica and within that of C. mayombensis. Coste, in 1955, also reports C. subcordata and C. rupestris there, and ranks among the coffee trees of the West African forest C. abeokutae, “spontaneous from Nigeria to Côte d’Ivoire,” whose Latin name is formed on that of the city of Abeokuta and which is cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire under the name Gros Indénié. Ukers, taking up the botanist Cramer, writes in 1922 that brokers praise the taste of its beans, a little smaller than those of liberica [7][5][3].

Commercial cultivation, for its part, begins with a species from the neighboring coast, liberica. The Kew Bulletin, the journal of the British royal botanic garden, tells in 1896 that it grew out of the experimental garden set up by the government of the Lagos colony at Ebute Metta, which distributes up to 13,960 plants per quarter, sometimes free to local chiefs. In 1894, an arabica in parchment, that is, still in the envelope around the bean, harvested at the garden at six meters of altitude, is valued in London at 94 shillings per English hundredweight of 112 pounds; the curator, H. Millen, nonetheless judges liberica more durable in the lowlands. In 1895, he visits two European plantations on the Ado River: that of the Ilaro Estates and Plantations Company, opened in 1892, has 150 acres, about 60 hectares, 50,000 liberica trees and a thousand arabicas, worked by about 70 laborers; that of A. C. Campbell & Co., near Ajilete, 160 acres and 67,000 libericas, with 45 workers. Coffee there already stands alongside cacao, kola and Ceará rubber [4].

The boom is short-lived. According to Ukers, exports go from 35,000 pounds in 1896 to 57,000 in 1901 and 70,000 in 1909, about thirty tonnes, then fall to about 3,000 pounds in 1916 and 1917; his table gives 3,527 pounds for 1916 and a five-year average of 19,180 pounds. He classes Nigerian coffee, shipped from Lagos, among the sorts “commercially unimportant.” Coste still counts in 1955 the Nigerian agriculture service, at Ibadan, among the administrations that informed him, without giving a harvest figure. None of the sources read dates the arrival of the cultivated canephora, which nonetheless dominates today, or the moment when it supplanted liberica [3][5].

Coffee leaf rust, the orange fungus that eats away at the leaves, is reported in Nigeria in 1962 according to McCook, at the same time as in Guinea, at the end of a wave that left Côte d’Ivoire ten years earlier; the site’s plate on the disease gives 1962-1963. On December 1, 1964, the Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) succeeds at Ibadan the Nigerian substation of the West African Cocoa Research Institute, the regional cocoa institute headquartered at Tafo, in Ghana; Law No. 33 of 1964 adds kola and coffee to its mandate, and a 1975 text cashew and tea. These years are those of the commercial peak: FAOSTAT counts 7,342 tonnes of green coffee exported in 1966, 5,920 in 1976 and still 2,848 in 1983, all in official figures [6][28][10][2].

The common account blames oil for the decline. The export series does not show it during the boom of the 1970s: the break comes in 1984, with 149 tonnes, then 72 in 1985, when oil revenues fall. A 2022 study links the fall in the oil price, from 1982, precisely to the lack of funds for the agricultural development programs that supported coffee. In 1986, the structural adjustment program dissolves the six public marketing boards for agricultural products, including the cocoa board. After 1983, exports exceed 1,000 tonnes only twice, 1,100 tonnes in 1987, a value taken from an outside source, and 1,699 in 2006, and they fall below 30 tonnes a year from 2021: 25.7 tonnes in 2024, for 122,000 dollars [2][17][19][20].

The production series does not follow exports, and its status changes constantly. The values from 1961 to 1969 are estimates (E); from 1967 to 1970, then in 1972, the production recorded equals the tonnage exported, to the tonne, as if it were deduced from it; from 1970 to 1987, the yield recorded is 500 kilos per hectare, to within a kilo. The maximum, 6,000 tonnes in 1985, is an official figure (A) set on an official area of 12,000 hectares, the year the country exports 72 tonnes; the following year, the series falls to 1,200 tonnes, a value taken from an outside organization (X). The last official figure dates from 2006, 5,340 tonnes. Since 2007, FAOSTAT has alternated only between outside values, imputed values (I), that is, calculated by FAO for lack of a report from the country, and estimated ones: the current value, 1,808.66 tonnes in 2024, is an estimate, on an estimated area of 1,379 hectares. It makes up 0.016% of world production and places the country around 49th of the 76 producers in the table [1][2].

Today

Canephora dominates; arabica remains confined to the highlands. The figure of fourteen producing states recurs from one document to another, from the proposal presented to the ICO in 2005 to the 2026 revival initiative, whose list is as follows: Ondo, Oyo, Ogun, Kogi, Cross River, Osun, Ekiti, Edo, Imo, Delta, Abia, Kwara, Plateau and Taraba; the CRIN, for its part, distributes seedlings and cuttings to thirteen states. Kogi serves as the ground for the canephora surveys, at Kabba/Bunu and Ijumu. Arabica comes from the Mambilla Plateau, in Taraba, situated above 1,500 meters according to the press, and from the Jos Plateau; another source adds Cross River. Nobody publishes the share of each species: an exporter puts forward 94% canephora in exports and 4% arabica in production, a columnist 10% arabica [15][24][11][14][13][25][22][26][27].

The CRIN, headquartered at Idi-Ayunre, near Ibadan, maintains six substations. Three concern coffee: Owena, in Ondo, for the canephora of the humid forest belt; Uhonmora, in Edo, for the coffee of the marginal forest zones; Kusuku, on the Mambilla, for arabica and tea. The institute keeps 64 arabica varieties there and recommends a few selections, including a red Caturra and a Padang. For canephora, it advises combining Quillou types, that is Kouilou (C-96, C-111), and Java types (T1049, T93), rather than planting them alone, and propagating by cuttings, which come into production in two years against three or four for a seedling; it rejuvenates old coffee trees by stumping, a cut 30 centimeters above the ground. It also studies the genetic identity of canephora grown in the southwest by comparing it with international collections. The Crop Trust nonetheless lists only one collection for the country, that of the national center for genetic resources (NACGRAB), with 10 accessions; herbarium records show that C. stenophylla and C. affinis, two nearly forgotten West African coffee species, were kept in Nigerian research collections [12][11][7][8].

Production is family-based and aging. In 2005 the government described farms of less than a hectare, planted more than forty-five years earlier. A CRIN survey of 120 producers in Kogi, presented in 2021, finds an average farm of 1.5 hectares, growers aged 60 on average and with more than thirty years in the trade; another, of 72 producers in Ijumu published in 2024, finds none above two hectares, 55.6% under one hectare, thirty-year-old coffee trees and an average age of 61. Processing is by the dry process: the cherries dry in the sun on dirt yards or platforms, and according to a CRIN researcher most producers do not separate the bean from the cherry before drying, which forces the buyer to hull and lowers the price. The institute says it has established that the wet process improves quality; an exporter is trying out drying on raised beds and anaerobic fermentations, that is, without air. The ICO counts the Nigerian crop year from October to September [15][14][13][22][11][26][9].

The producer sells badly. The buyers are irregular and itinerant, the 2005 document already noted. Around the start of 2025, a kilo of canephora sells for between 3,000 and 5,000 nairas and one of arabica for between 5,000 and 10,000, and the president of the national coffee and tea association (NACOFTAN) observes that the global rise in prices does not benefit the growers. The 2024 study measures a nominal protection coefficient of 0.41, that is, a price paid to the producer equal to 41% of the world reference price: coffee receives no protection, and the gap amounts to an implicit tax. The country imports what it drinks: according to FAOSTAT, 201 tonnes of green coffee and 11,311 tonnes of extracts, instant coffee and its concentrates, for 43.5 million dollars in 2024, values taken from outside sources; the CRIN researcher cites coffees coming from neighboring countries and from China. Consumption, about 1,000 tonnes in 2020 according to a report by the Brazilian agricultural attaché, is growing with the cities [15][22][13][2][21].

Revivals follow one another. In 2005, the federal government submits to the Common Fund for Commodities, through the ICO, a project of 5.8 million dollars to train smallholders in the fourteen states; its outcome has not been found. On November 30, 2021, Nigeria ratifies the International Coffee Agreement of 2007, and the ICO welcomes it as its newest member. In 2026, an alliance of African cocoa and coffee producers (COCEFAAA) sets up in Ibadan, with the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, the CRIN and the fourteen states, the steering committee of a ten-year revival initiative, which is to draft a national coffee policy. Minister Abubakar Kyari asks that raw green bean no longer be exported, so that roasting is done locally. In Cross River, the CRIN and the company JR Farms announce 30 million canephora and arabica seedlings for eighteen local government areas, and Ondo a project of 1,000 hectares. These are announcements, not results [15][16][24][23][25].

Key facts

Dominant species

Coffea canephora; arabica on the Mambilla Plateau (Taraba) [12]

2024 production (FAOSTAT)

1,808.66 tonnes, estimated value (E) [1]

Last official FAOSTAT figure

5,340 tonnes in 2006 [1]

FAOSTAT series maximum

6,000 tonnes in 1985, official figure (A) [1]

Production according to the ICO

40,000 to 43,000 60-kg bags per crop year, 2014-2015 to 2019-2020 [9]

Exports 2024 (FAOSTAT)

25.7 tonnes of green coffee, against 7,342 in 1966 [2]

Research

CRIN, Ibadan, coffee mandate since 1964; Kusuku arabica station [10]

ICO member

since November 30, 2021 (ratification of the 2007 agreement) [16]

Gray areas

Nobody agrees on what the country produces. For the 2014-2015 to 2019-2020 crop years, the ICO, taken up by the ITC Coffee Guide, counts 40,000 to 43,000 60-kilo bags, or 2,400 to 2,580 tonnes, 30 to 40% more than FAOSTAT depending on the year, which records 1,755 to 1,972 tonnes, all imputed or estimated; the figure of 40,800 bags that a Nigerian daily newspaper attributes to FAO in 2026 matches the ICO’s order of magnitude, not FAO’s. The Brazilian attaché writes 1,117 tonnes for 2019. In 2005, the government announced to the ICO 30,000 to 40,000 hectares, of which 10,000 of arabica, and 8,000 tonnes at 350 kilos per hectare; FAOSTAT records for the same year 4,990 tonnes on 3,670 hectares, a yield of 1,360 kilos, almost four times higher. An exporter cited by the trade press speaks of 400,000 tonnes in the 1960s, 100,000 today and 10,000 tonnes exported a year, whereas FAOSTAT has never counted more than 7,342 tonnes exported, in 1966. Even the FAO series moves: the release read by researchers and by a newspaper gave 1,844 tonnes for 2023, at 500 kilos per hectare; the December 2025 one gives 1,808 tonnes, at 1,311 kilos [9][1][24][21][15][26][18][22].

Peaks and dates are repeated without verification. The FAOSTAT maximum, 6,000 tonnes in 1985, is a round count, 12,000 hectares at 500 kilos, the year the country exports 72 tonnes; in 1966 and 1976, on the contrary, exports exceed the production recorded, 7,342 tonnes against 4,000, 5,920 against 3,000. The Brazilian attaché places the peak at 4,776 tonnes “in the 1970s,” which is the value for 1969; a 2022 study places it in 1984 and attributes to 2007 the 5,340 tonnes of 2006; the abstract of a 2026 study gives the country 0.000083% of world production, about two hundred times less than the calculation on the same table gives. A daily newspaper ranks Nigeria 147th in the world, whereas FAOSTAT counts only 76 producing countries in 2024. An opinion piece of 2023 announces 89,000 bags of specialty coffee in 2006, which are exactly the 5,340 tonnes of the whole national harvest that year, and has cultivation begin around 1930, when Kew describes plantations in 1895; the trade press dates the introduction to 1843, without a source [1][2][21][17][18][24][27][4][26].

Several things have not been measured. No source gives a figure for the production, the area or the number of producers of the Mambilla. The alliance behind the revival speaks of “150 undocumented indigenous varieties” on the plateau, whereas arabica is not indigenous to Nigeria and the CRIN keeps 64 varieties there: without a published inventory, these may be local selections or duplicates. FAOSTAT’s exports since 1994 are almost all values taken from an outside organization, and not reported by the country, whereas the national statistics bureau records no coffee exports over the first nine months of 2024. Imports diverge by more than a factor of ten: 3.48 million dollars a year of processed coffee according to the alliance, 43.5 million for the extracts alone according to FAOSTAT. Finally, the exact place of coffee in the marketing boards dissolved in 1986 is established by no document read [25][11][2][22][19].

Not covered: The date of introduction of cultivated canephora and the shift from liberica to canephora: no source read establishes them. The existence of a coffee board and the exact place of coffee in the marketing boards of 1977-1986: not established. The history of arabica on the Mambilla (date of introduction, founding of the Kusuku station): the 1966 report of the Institute for Agricultural Research at Samaru and the study on the input-output relationship in the Mambilla are cataloged on Sidalc, which answered 403. The full text of the 2026 AGRISE study, protected by an anti-bot check. The ICO statistics consulted directly: only the ITC table was used. The outcome of the project presented to the Common Fund in 2005. The harvest months: only the ICO coffee year, October to September, is sourced. The Kew Bulletin articles of 1888 (p. 149) and 1893 (p. 182) on the Lagos station and the first plantation, cited in 1896 but not read. The book The Insect Pests of Nigerian Crops and Stock (1946), available on Wikimedia Commons, not opened. Nigeria’s membership of the ICO before 2021, which the 2005 document suggests without establishing it. No USDA GAIN report on Nigerian coffee was sought.

1. FAOSTAT, Production: Crops and livestock products, Coffee, green (code 656), Nigeria: production, area harvested, yield and status of each value, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2025, https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Production_Crops_Livestock_E_ solid level
   Read in the bulk archive already extracted on disk (release of 12/23/2025 according to pays_producteurs_complement.json). Production: 1,100 t in 1961, 4,000 t in 1966, 1,712 t in 1967, 4,776 t in 1969, 6,000 t in 1985 (maximum), 1,200 t in 1986, 4,990 t in 2005, 5,340 t in 2006, 1,754.52 t in 2015, 1,808.01 t in 2023, 1,808.66 t in 2024. Status: E from 1961 to 1969; X in 1970 and 1972; A in 1971 and from 1973 to 1985; X in 1986-1987; A from 1988 to 2006; X from 2007 to 2010 and in 2013; I in 2011-2012, 2014-2015 and from 2019 to 2021; E in 2016-2018 and from 2022 to 2024. Area: 12,000 ha (A) in 1985, 3,670 ha in 2005, 1,379 ha (E) in 2024; fixed yield of 500 kg/ha from 1971 to 1987, 1,312 kg/ha in 2024. World share and rank calculated on the same table: 0.016% in 2024, 49th of 76 countries with a value.
2. FAOSTAT, Trade: Crops and livestock products, Africa file (Coffee, green; Coffee extracts), Nigeria: quantities and values exported and imported, with status, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2026, https://bulks-faostat.fao.org/production/Trade_CropsLivestock_E_Africa solid level
   File dated July 24, 2026, downloaded on October 21, 2026. Green coffee exports: 7,342 t in 1966, 1,712 t in 1967, 2,360 t in 1968, 4,776 t in 1969, 2,826 t in 1970, 4,171 t in 1972, 5,920 t in 1976, 2,848 t in 1983, 149 t in 1984, 72 t in 1985 (official figures), 1,699 t in 2006, 21.74 t in 2023, 25.71 t in 2024 for 122,000 dollars (X values since 1994 for the most part). Imports 2024: 201 t of green coffee and 11,311 t of coffee extracts for 43.5 million dollars (X values).
3. All About Coffee, ch. X (p. 142, species related to liberica according to Cramer) and ch. XXII (p. 276, table of exports; p. 285, Nigeria entry); ch. XXIV, table of the world’s coffees, William H. Ukers, 1922, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28500 solid level
   C. abeokutae: small leaves, smaller fruits, beans praised by the brokers. Nigeria exports: 35,000 pounds in 1896, 57,000 in 1901, 70,000 in 1909, about 3,000 in 1916 and 1917; 3,527 pounds in 1916, five-year average of 19,180 pounds; production in decline. Nigerian coffee shipped from Lagos, “commercially unimportant.”
4. Coffee planting in Lagos, Bulletin of Miscellaneous Information (Royal Gardens, Kew), 1896, p. 77-79, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, report by H. Millen, curator of the Lagos botanical station, 1896, https://archive.org/details/kew-bulletin_march-april-1896_111-112 solid level
   OCR text of the digitized copy read. Coffee growing in Lagos stemming from the Ebute Metta botanical station; up to 13,960 plants distributed per quarter, sometimes free to chiefs; parchment arabica harvested at 20 feet of altitude valued at 94 shillings the cwt in London in 1894; liberica judged more durable in the lowlands. 1895 visit: Soto plantation, Ilaro Estates and Plantations Company, opened in 1892, 150 acres, 50,000 C. liberica, about 1,000 C. arabica, cacao, Ceará rubber, about 70 “Kroo” and local laborers; A. C. Campbell & Co. plantation near Ajilete, 160 acres, 67,000 liberica trees, kola trees, vanilla, 45 workers; borers, scale insects.
5. Les caféiers et les cafés dans le monde, tome I, Les caféiers, foreword, p. 12, 21 and 25-26, René Coste, 1955, https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers20-12 solid level
   PDF copy from the local library. C. abeokutae “spontaneous from Nigeria to Côte d’Ivoire,” cultivated in West Africa under the name Gros Indénié; C. subcordata and C. rupestris present in Nigeria; Department of Agriculture, Nigeria (Ibadan), among the services that informed the author. No Nigerian production data.
6. Coffee Is Not Forever: A Global History of the Coffee Leaf Rust, p. 128-129, Stuart McCook, Ohio University Press, 2019, https://ohioopen.library.ohio.edu/oupress/96/ solid level
   PDF copy from the local library. Rust reported in Côte d’Ivoire in 1952-1953, then in Dahomey, British Togoland and Liberia, and in Guinea and Nigeria in 1962.
7. Global Conservation Strategy for Coffee Genetic Resources, Crop Trust and World Coffee Research (Bramel, Krishnan, Horna, Lainoff, Montagnon), 2017, https://www.croptrust.org/saving-coffee/ solid level
   Copy from the local library. Nigeria within the natural range of C. canephora, C. liberica var. liberica and C. mayombensis; a single collection listed for the country, the National Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (NACGRAB), 10 accessions (the column of the compiled source could not be read with certainty in the table extraction).
8. Lost and Found: Coffea stenophylla and C. affinis, the Forgotten Coffee Crop Species of West Africa, Frontiers in Plant Science 11:616, Aaron P. Davis, Roberta Gargiulo, Michael F. Fay, Daniel Sarmu, Jeremy Haggar, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00616 solid level
   PDF copy from the local library. According to herbarium records, C. affinis and C. stenophylla were grown in research and genetic resources collections in Africa, including in Nigeria, alongside Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, São Tomé, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Ghana and the DR Congo.
9. The Coffee Guide, fourth edition, table 5, p. 86-87, International Trade Centre (ITC), from the International Coffee Organization, 2021, https://www.intracen.org/resources/publications/the-coffee-guide-fourt solid level
   PDF copy from the local library, read with word coordinates because column extraction shifts the lines by one row. Nigeria, category R (canephora), October-September year: 43,000, 41,000, 43,000, 42,000, 42,000 and 40,000 60-kg bags for the 2014 to 2019 crop years.
10. About CRIN, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, 2026, https://crin.gov.ng/?p=1315 solid level
    Page read on October 21, 2026 (site certificate expired). CRIN created at Ibadan on December 1, 1964, successor to the Nigerian substation of WACRI (headquartered at Tafo, Ghana); Law No. 33 of 1964: kola and coffee added to cocoa; 1975: cashew and tea; five mandated crops.
11. Programmes: Coffee, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, 2026, https://crin.gov.ng/programmes/coffee/ solid level
    List of results of the coffee program: 64 arabica varieties in collection on the Mambilla; recommended arabicas, a list announced as four that names five (T.1996, Fica flora, TH-F1 33-4, T 2308 red Caturra C818, T 992 Padang); association of canephora of Quillou types (C-96, C-111) and Java types (T1049, T93); cuttings in production in two years against three or four; stumping at 30 cm; wet process better for quality; distribution of seedlings to 13 states; ongoing genetic studies of southwestern canephora; organic manuring recommended on the Mambilla.
12. Production and Substations, Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria, 2026, https://crin.gov.ng/about/stations/ solid level
    Six substations: Owena (Ondo), cocoa, canephora and kola in the humid forest of the southwest; Uhonmora (Edo), cocoa and coffee in marginal forest; Ochaja (Kogi), cashew and kola; Ibeku (Abia); Ajassor (Cross River); Kusuku-Mambilla (Taraba), arabica and tea. Headquarters at Idi-Ayunre, Oluyole, Ibadan.
13. Competitiveness and the Effects of Policies on Coffee Production in Nigeria, Journal of Tree Crops Research 1, p. 14-18, K. A. Oluyole, A. O. Akinpelu, T. M. Orisasona, O. A. Dada, Y. O. M. Oladokun (CRIN), 2024, https://crin.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/JTCR_104.2024_Oluyole-e solid level
    The institute’s journal, article received in April and accepted in November 2024. Kogi, Ijumu local government area, 72 producers: average age 61; no farm above 2 ha, 55.6% under 1 ha; 30-year-old coffee trees (31 in the abstract); policy analysis matrix: nominal protection coefficient 0.41, effective 0.27; profitable production but without protection. Arabica and canephora presented as the two main species.
14. Determinants of Coffee Production: The Case of Kogi State, Nigeria, poster S3-P-09, 28th ASIC conference, Justina Oluyemisi Lawal, CRIN, 2021, https://alphavisa.com/asic/2021/documents/eposters/S3-P-09_4499_LAWAL. medium level
    Conference poster. 120 producers from the Kabba/Bunu and Ijumu local government areas drawn from the agricultural development program’s lists: 67% men, average age 60, households of 8 people, average farm of 1.5 ha, more than 30 years of experience; plantation abandonment linked to prices and sales channels.
15. Enhancing income of smallholder farmers groups in the coffee producing belt of Nigeria, WP Board No. 969/05, International Coffee Organization, from a proposal by the federal government of Nigeria, 2005, https://ico.org/documents/wpboard969e.pdf solid level
    Document of April 28, 2005 for the Executive Board. Coffee area estimated between 30,000 and 40,000 ha, potential of 400,000 ha, about 10,000 ha of arabica; average yield of 350 kg/ha, 8,000 t of green coffee a year; plantations more than 45 years old, farms of less than a hectare; dry process on dirt yards or platforms; irregular and itinerant buyers; baseline study planned in the 14 producing states; total cost of 5,822,400 dollars, of which 4,822,400 requested from the Common Fund for Commodities.
16. PR 321/21, The ICO and its newest Member, Nigeria ; DN 143/21, Nigeria: ratification, International Coffee Organization, 2021, https://ico.org/wp-content/documents/cy2021-22/pr-321e-nigeria-ratific solid level
    Instrument of ratification of the International Coffee Agreement of 2007 deposited on November 30, 2021; press release of December 1, 2021 presenting Nigeria as the ICO’s newest member. Notification: https://ico.org/wp-content/documents/cy2021-22/dn-143-21e-nigeria-ratification.pdf
17. Dynamics of coffee output in Nigeria, Gestão & Produção 29, e7621, doi:10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e7621, Ndubuisi Chigozirim Onwusiribe, Jude Anayochukwu Mbanasor, Ogbannaya Ukeh Oteh, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9649-2022v29e7621 solid level
    Article read on SciELO. Fall in the oil price from 1982 depriving of funds the agricultural development programs (ADP) that supported coffee; coffee area of 60 km² in 1981 and 10 km² in 2019; reading of the FAO series with a peak placed in 1984 and 5,340 t attributed to 2007, each shifted by one year from the table.
18. Coffee production and trade analysis in Nigeria: current status, challenges and opportunities, AGRISE 26(1), Olaitan Paul Babatunde, Kehinde Ademola Adesanya, Chinyere Florence Odey et al., Universitas Brawijaya, 2026, https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/6499954 medium level
    Abstract only read, the full text being behind an anti-bot check that I did not get around. According to FAO: 3,830 t in 2000, 1,844 t in 2023, area reduced by 56%; exports of 1,699 t in 2006 and 21.73 t in 2023; world share given as 0.000083%.
19. Adjustment with growth: Nigerian experience with structural adjustment policy reform, Journal of International Development 3(4), p. 485-498, T. Ademola Oyejide, from RePEc metadata, 1991, https://ideas.repec.org/a/wly/jintdv/v3y1991i4p485-498.html solid level
    Abstract read: structural adjustment program of 1986-1990, dissolution of the six public marketing boards for agricultural products, liberalization of foreign exchange and foreign trade.
20. Farmers lament hurdles trailing abolition of cocoa boards, The Guardian (Lagos), 2022, https://guardian.ng/features/farmers-lament-hurdles-trailing-abolition medium level
    Article of May 2, 2022: the cocoa board was abolished in 1986, and the cocoa producers’ association formed to fill the void. Says nothing about coffee.
21. Café na Nigéria: produção e oportunidades, relatório ABUJA-03-2025, Frederique Abreu, agricultural attaché, Ministry of Agriculture of Brazil (MAPA), 2025, https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/relacoes-internacionais/ medium level
    Report of February 14, 2025, which does not represent the official position of Brazil. Coffee grown mainly in Kogi, Taraba and Cross River; production declining since the 1960s, 1,117 t in 2019, “peak of 4,776 t in the 1970s”; consumption of about 1,000 t in 2020; growing market according to Statista.
22. Coffee farmers miss out from global price windfall, Josephine Okojie-Okeiyi, BusinessDay (Lagos), 2025, https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/coffee-farmers-miss-out-fro medium level
    Article undated on the page, later than the first nine months of 2024 and contemporary with an arabica above 3.66 dollars a pound, hence around the start of 2025. Arabica from the Mambilla and the Jos Plateau at 5,000-10,000 nairas a kilo, canephora from Kogi and Oyo at 3,000-5,000; remarks by Hassan Usman (NACOFTAN) and Kayode Oluyole (CRIN): cherries dried with the bean, coffee consumed imported from neighboring countries and from China; FAO: 1,844 t in 2023 at 500 kg/ha; national statistics bureau: no exports over the first nine months of 2024.
23. Nigeria targets coffee revival to boost export, create jobs, Josephine Okojie-Okeiyi, BusinessDay (Lagos), 2026, https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/nigeria-targets-coffee-revi medium level
    Article of about June 1, 2026 (date read on the page). Inauguration in Ibadan of the steering committee of the Nigeria Coffee Revival Initiative; message from Minister Abubakar Kyari (local added value, traceability under the European deforestation regulation); CRIN in technical support, nurseries; Nigeria Coffee Revolution project: 30 million canephora and arabica seedlings with JR Farms in 18 local government areas of Cross River, 1,000 ha project in Ondo.
24. Positioning coffee cultivation for revenue generation, export, The Guardian (Lagos), 2026, https://guardian.ng/?p=2851185 medium level
    Article of June 1, 2026. Production of “40,800 bags a year” attributed to FAO, projected at 39,900 in 2028; list of the 14 producing states; 10,000 smallholders according to Perfect Daily Grind; steering committee bringing together COCEFAAA, the Federal Ministry of Agriculture, CRIN and 14 states; draft national coffee policy; remarks by Minister Kyari on ending the export of raw green bean.
25. From Farm to Fortune: How Coffee Could Become Nigeria's Next Wealth Generator, Oludare Richards, The Guardian (Lagos), 2026, https://guardian.ng/?p=2907476 medium level
    Article of August 29, 2026. Ten-year revival initiative; imports of processed coffee estimated at 3.48 million dollars a year, green bean exports under 200,000 dollars; “147th in the world”; Mambilla above 1,500 m, “150 undocumented indigenous varieties”; remarks by ministry officials (tree crops department, coffee and tea bureau) on financing, climate, policy instability and insecurity.
26. For roasters looking for differentiation, Nigerian coffee could be the answer, Perfect Daily Grind, 2025, https://perfectdailygrind.com/2025/04/nigeria-specialty-coffee-hidden- medium level
    Article of April 1, 2025, based on an interview with an exporter (Green Bean). Introduction attributed to British settlers in 1843, without a source; 400,000 t in the 1960s and 100,000 t today, 10,000 t exported a year, according to the exporter; canephora up to 94% of exports, arabica 4%, liberica 2%; exports of 59,000 dollars in 2022; drying on raised beds and anaerobic fermentations being tried; NACOFTAN association. The exporter’s figures contradict all public series.
27. Nigeria and specialty coffee, Alexey Nagibin, opinion piece in The Guardian (Lagos), 2023, https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria-and-specialty-coffee-by-alexey-nagibi low level
    Opinion piece of February 22, 2023. Cultivation begun “around 1930”; 89,000 “specialty” bags and more than 800 arabica farms in 2006; fewer than 50,000 bags in 2022; decline attributed to oil in the early 21st century; arabica in Cross River and Taraba, 10% of production. Unsourced claims, contradicted by Kew, Ukers and FAOSTAT.
28. Site plates on coffee leaf rust (maladies-03 and maladies-05), PXL Roasters, from McCook 2019 and the BSPP 2022 table, 2026 solid level
    Source inherited from the site, rechecked with grep: rust in Nigeria in 1962-1963, in the Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria series from 1951 to 1963.